We suggest a tour of some amazing buildings and monuments at a time when cement was the building material par excellence. In the 60s and 70s, many avant-garde architectural projects opted for a resounding and forceful aesthetic, often with reminiscences of Soviet sobriety, which old Europe channelled into public buildings and monuments of great importance. The material was versatile, ductile, resistant and affordable. On the other hand, its final finish does not require painting for its conservation, and that lowers the costs of maintenance and production. Sometime later it was learned that cement of poor quality is irreversibly affected by "aluminosis", and this resulted in serious crumbles and cracks in many neighbourhoods in the outskirts of large cities.

“Tito’s fist”, by Boško Kućanski.

In fact, one of the cases we bring here is the monument to the partisans of the former Yugoslavia who, under the orders of Josip Tito, defended with their lives the bridge of the Neretva River in the battle of the same name, when the German and Italian troops threatened with the occupation in February and March of 1943. The tribute was a colossal fist, futuristic in style, made by the artist Boško Kućanski, winner of an open public call for projects for the memorial. The work was erected in Makljen and was officially inaugurated on November 12th, 1978, in an act attended by Josip Tito himself. The monument was popularly called "Tito’s fist". Today this work has collapsed due to lack of conservation.

L: Honoring the revolution of the people of the region of Moslavina against German occupation (Podgaric, Croatia) - R: Memorial to the fallen in the II World War (Niksic, Montenegro)

Among the most amazing constructions, memorials occupy a prominent place, because by not having a functional use, they leave more room for imagination and design. The sculptures that homage to the fallen in armed conflicts in Eastern Europe are the most enigmatic. They condense the aesthetic heritage of the Soviet period and the Cold War with a futuristic, cold and robust style that has already become the paradigm of an entire era and we must understand in their own context. These monumental works are known in Serbian as "spomeniks", a term widely accepted to refer to them, and means precisely that, sculptures of large dimensions created to commemorate an event.

L: Dedicated to victims of the Jasenovac concentration camp (Jasenovac, Croatia) - R: The fists-shaped Babanj monument, honoring fallen Yugoslavian fighters in World War II (near Niš, Serbia)

Most of these works are abstract and avoid including specific references to an individual or social group. Likewise, they do not incorporate recognisable elements or reproduce human figures. We must not forget that the societies affected by an armed conflict retain a repository of memory that extends over time and that goes beyond the specific events that took place, and in cases where there are also internal divisions for religious and ethnic reasons, besides the political ones, abstraction seems a good option. Its appearance, however, leads many to be ironical about the extraterrestrial influence of these designs.

Cultural Heritage Institute of Spain

In our country cement also boomed at the time. A good example is the headquarters of the Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain, located in the university area of Madrid. This building is a project of the architects Fernando Higueras and Rafael Moneo, who obtained in 1961 the National Architecture Prize. Initially conceived to house the "Artistic Restoration Center", the final execution of the design in 1965, which counted on the collaboration of Antonio Miró, reduced its dimensions a little and maintained its circular structure. The building was declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in 2001 in the monument category.

PARALLEL PROGRAM CITY TERRITORY. ART MADRID'25

OPEN BOOTH X NEBRIJA UNIVERSITY

Art Madrid, in its 20th edition, presents a Parallel Program dedicated to the conceptual theme City Territory. The city, understood as a permeable organism and a topography of shared meanings, serves as the stage for a thoughtful exploration of the impact of art on the spaces we inhabit.

The second edition of Open Booth stands out as a platform for emerging talent, reinforcing its commitment to supporting the artists of the future. This year, Open Booth x Nebrija University offers students from the Fine Arts program the opportunity to experience an art fair firsthand, connecting them with collectors, curators, and gallerists while providing a space to showcase their work within the professional art circuit.

As part of this initiative, undergraduate students in Fine Arts at Nebrija University present Bajotierras/Sobrenubes (DEL OSO, UN PELO), a collective installation exploring the relationship between the city and its surrounding territory. Led by professor and artist Luis Gárciga Romay, and supported by Liquitex, the project investigates -through geometry, landscape, and scale- how environments transform and how we navigate the intersection between the urban and the natural.

With the backing of Liquitex, a leading brand in professional acrylics, Open Booth x Nebrija University continues to establish itself as a space for experimentation and visibility, bringing young artists closer to both the public and key figures in the art world.

Boceto para Bajotierras/Sobrenubes (DEL OSO, UN PELO). Ximena Couttolenc. Cortesía Universidad Nebrija.

BAJOTIERRAS/SOBRENUBES. (DEL OSO, UN PELO)

The project proposed by the students of the Fine Arts program at Nebrija University is a kind of TOTAL BOOTH, a cohesive space that, through collaboration and the exchange of ideas, reflects the collective potential of all participants, elevating the artwork to a new dimension."

Starting from the breadth and depth of the concepts of TERRITORY and CITY, they approach these notions in alliance with the two established poles while remaining open to the expressive possibilities of other scales and combinations that these concepts may evoke. Territory is the geopolitical manifestation of a way of inhabiting space, it is both here and there, shaping how life is organized. It is the stage where resources and hierarchical powers are dictated, interpreted, and transformed.

Boceto para Bajotierras/Sobrenubes (DEL OSO, UN PELO). Cortesía Universidad Nebrija.

Territory is not separate from the place of our emotions, exaltations, doubts, and hopes. Nor do its border confines distance themselves from the most abstract geometric expression. Sometimes a line delimits and marks, creates a corner, an inclined plane; it evokes an emotion, thus generating a vital region. The universality of geometry allows us to position, locate, confront, critique, and propose. Lines, areas, volumes are imbued with colors according to the contexts we live in and the paradigms we uphold. The horizon line and our existential perspectives are interrupted by the natural or built landscape, bringing to our feet a shore and, with it, floating objects, between drift and design. A controlled avalanche, sometimes in its causes, at other times, in its consequences.

Boceto para Bajotierras/Sobrenubes (DEL OSO, UN PELO). Cortesía Universidad Nebrija.

WHAT SHAPES US. Conformity and Re-formation

The city is divine and underground, buried and celestial, made simultaneously of the lightness of the superfluous and the dense gravity. It lives, sometimes hibernates, but always promises. Between conformity and ambition, we achieve something: a good corner between the terrace and the basement, a good "from here onward".

The Open Booth is organized into four interconnected spaces: Avalanche, inspired by the mountains and the river, with objects shaped by the passage of time; Constelar, where floating lamps evoke memory and aspirations; Mar(ejada) Madrid, a conceptual shore designed for contemplation and dialogue; and A Bear Called Tergiverso, a series of pieces that reinvent the city as an ever-changing organism.

Boceto para Bajotierras/Sobrenubes (DEL OSO, UN PELO). Cortesía Universidad Nebrija.

In Madrid, the Fine Arts students at Nebrija University question and propose the MATERIALITY and MATERIALS of a constellation where the notions of territory and city coexist with great presence, yet with a subtle protagonism. Procedures, methods, processes; the ways in which we transform the world into a very specific place, more diverse than a country, unfolding beyond a map or a file, yet portable in a pocket. Monuments, miniatures, the human scale. Space overflows and synchronously fits into a single verse. A verse is matter resistant to gravity and time, capable of becoming more than earth and more than cloud, managing to metamorphose and mimic what we are made of.

Luis Gárciga. Curator

Boceto para Bajotierras/Sobrenubes (DEL OSO, UN PELO). Cortesía Universidad Nebrija.

Thanks to initiatives such as these, students not only hone their technical and conceptual skills, but also develop fundamental competences for their professional future in the world of art, design and the creative industries. Through teamwork, the exploration of artistic references, the promotion of creativity and critical thinking, they are prepared to face the challenges of their discipline with a broad and multidisciplinary vision.

From Nebrija University, we would like to express our most sincere thanks to Amaya Hernández, director of the Degree in Digital Design and Multimedia, and Lorena Palomino, director of the Degree in Fine Arts, for their invaluable support and commitment to this project.

Prof. Dr. Pablo Álvarez de Toledo Müller Director of the Art Department Faculty of Communication and Arts. University of Nebrija